Lower Paleolithic The Changes Marked by the Early Stone Age

The Lower Paleolithic period, also known as the Early Stone Age, is currently believed to have lasted from between about 2.7 million years ago to 200,000 years ago. It is the first archaeological period in prehistory: that is to say, that period when the first evidence of what scientists consider human behaviors have been found, including stone tool making and the human use and control of fire. The beginning of the Lower Paleolithic is traditionally marked when the first known stone tool manufacture occurred, and so that date changes as we continue to find evidence for tool-making behavior. Currently, the earliest stone tool tradition is called the Oldowan tradition, and Oldowan tools have been found at sites in the Olduvai Gorge in Africa dated to 2.5-1.5 million years ago. The earliest stone tools discovered so far are at Gona and Bouri in Ethiopia and (a little later) Lokalalei in Kenya. The Lower Paleolithic diet was based on the consumption of scavenged or (at least by the Acheulean period of 1.4 million years ago) hunted large-sized (elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus) and medium-sized (horse, cattle, deer) mammals. The Rise of the Hominins The behavioral changes seen during the Lower Paleolithic are ascribed to the evolution of the hominin ancestors of human beings, including Australopithecus, and especially Homo erectus / Homo ergaster. Stone tools of the Paleolithic include Acheulean handaxes and cleavers; these suggest that most humans of the earliest period were scavengers rather than hunters. Lower Paleolithic sites are also characterized by the presence of extinct animal types dated to the Early or Middle Pleistocene. Evidence seems to suggest that the controlled use of fire was figured out sometime during the LP. Leaving Africa It is currently believed that the human beings known as Homo erectus left Africa and traveled into Eurasia along the Levantine belt. The earliest yet discovered H. erectus / H. ergaster site outside of Africa is the Dmanisi site in Georgia, dated about 1.7 million years ago. Ubeidiya, located close to the Sea of Galilee, is another early H. erectus site, dated to 1.4-1.7 million years ago. The Acheulean sequence (sometimes spelled Acheulian), a Lower to Middle Paleolithic stone tool tradition, was established in sub-Sarahan Africa, about 1.4 million years ago. The Acheulean toolkit is dominated by stone flakes, but also includes the first bifacially worked tools--tools made by working both sides of a cobble. The Acheulean is divided into three major categories: Lower, Middle, and Upper. The Lower and Middle have been assigned to the Lower Paleolithic period. Over 200 Lower Paleolithic sites are known in the Levant corridor, although only a handful have been excavated: Israel: Evron Quarry, Gesher Benot Yaaqov, Holon, Revadim, Tabun cave, Umm QatafaSyria: Latamne, GharmachiJordan: Ain Soda, Lions SpringTurkey: Sehrmuz and Kaltepe Ending the Lower Paleolithic The end of the LP is debatable and varies from place to place, and so some scholars just consider the period one long sequence, referring to it as the Earlier Paleolithic. I chose 200,000 as an ending point rather arbitrarily, but it is about the point when Mousterian technologies take over from Acheulean industries as the tool of choice for our hominin ancestors. Behavioral patterns for the end of the Lower Paleolithic (400,000-200,000 years ago) include blade production, systematic hunting and butchering techniques, and meat-sharing habits. Late Lower Paleolithic hominins probably hunted large game animals with hand-held wooden spears, used cooperative hunting strategies and delayed consumption of high-quality meat parts until they could be moved to a home base. Lower Paleolithic Hominins: Australopithecus 4.4-2.2 million years ago. Australopithecus was small and gracile, with an average brain size of 440 cubic centimeters. They were scavengers and were the first to walk on two legs. Ethiopia: Lucy, Selam, Bouri.South Africa: Taung, Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, SedibaTanzania: Laetoli Lower Paleolithic Hominins: Homo erectus / Homo ergaster ca. 1.8 million to 250,000 years ago. First early human to find its way out of Africa. H. erectus was both heavier and taller than Australopithecus, and a more efficient walker, with an average brain size of about 820 cc. They were the first human with a projecting nose, and their skulls were long and low with large brow ridges. Africa: Olorgesailie (Kenya), Bodo Cranium (Ethiopia), Bouri (Ethiopia), Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), Kokiselei Complex (Kenya)China: Zhoukoudian, Ngandong, Peking Man, Dali CraniumSiberia: Diring Yuriakh (still somewhat controversial)Indonesia: Sangiran,  Trinil,  Ngandong, Mojokerto, Sambungmacan  (all in Java)  Middle East: Gesher Benot Yaaqov (Israel, maybe not H. erectus), Kaletepe Deresi 3 (Turkey)Europe: Dmanisi (Georgia), Torralba and Ambrona (Spain), Gran Dolina (Spain), Bilzingsleben (Germany), Pakefield (UK), Sima de los Huesos (Spain) Sources Agam A, Marder O, and Barkai R. 2015. Small flake production and lithic recycling at Late Acheulian Revadim, Israel. Quaternary International 361:46-60.Bar-Yosef O. 2008. . In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 865-875.Gopher A, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Barkai R, Frumkin A, Karkanas P, and Shahack-Gross R. 2010. The chronology of the late Lower Paleolithic in the Levant based on U-Th ages of speleothems from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary Geochronology 5(6):644-656.Pickering TR, Egeland CP, Domà ­nguez-Rodrigo M, Brain CK, and Schnell AG. 2008. Testing the shift in the balance of power hypothesis at Swartkrans, South Africa: Hominid cave use and subsistence behavior in the Early Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27(1):30-45.Stahlschmidt MC, Miller CE, Ligouis B, Hambach U, Goldberg P, Berna F, Richter D, Urban B, Serangeli J, and Conard NJ. 2015. On the evidence for human use and control of fire at Schà ¶ningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89:181-201.Stiner MC, Barkai R, and Gopher A. 2009. Cooperative hunting and meat sharing 400–200 kya at Qesem Cave, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(32):13207-13212.Stout D, Hecht E, Khreisheh N, Bradley B, and Chaminade T. 2015. Cognitive Demands of Lower Paleolithic Toolmaking. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0121804.Zutovski K, and Barkai R. 2016. The use of elephant bones for making Acheulian handaxes: A fresh look at old bones. Quaternary International 406, Part B:227-238.

Motivation And Motivation The Surprising Truth About...

Motivation in Education The standard way of thinking about motivation has it that the only way to get people to be driven is to reward them extrinsically. In other words, the way we generally try to motivate people is by dangling a carrot in front of their face, or pushing them with a poke to the ribs with stick. Many people assume that if you want someone to do something, you incentivize them with external compensation. For example, if you want a student to work harder in class, offer them extra credits. If you want your basketball team to be better, make them run more suicides as punishment. However, in this book, Drive: ’’The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us’’ by Daniel Pink challenges this conventional, preconceived notion of motivation of carrot and stick mentality. Pink divided motivation into three categories that evolved over time: motivation 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. In the first chapter, Pink offered different ways of human drives that motivate. The first one was motiv ation 1.0: struggling to obtain our basic needs to survive, biological drives of food, water, and sex. Yet, it wasn t enough, and then people replaced it, with the second drive, which is based on rewards and punishment. Motivation 2.0 states that humans also responded to the drive to seek rewards and avoid punishment. That worked fine for routine tasks, but incompatible with how we organize what we do, how we think about what we do, and how we do what we do. (20) This type of motivation workedShow MoreRelatedThe Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us By Daniel H. Pink1847 Words   |  8 PagesStudent Name Professor Name Class Name May 22, 2016 Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel H. Pink The ability to extract joy and satisfaction from one’s work is recognized as largely being an inside job, not solely dependent upon external factors such as positive feedback in order for it to occur. 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Artificial and / or arbitrary restrictions imposed on field commands goes against all three of these keys to motivation. The field command no longer has the autonomy to assign their best member to train their boarding teams

Curriculum and Syllabus Design free essay sample

Changes in curriculum will be applied in 2013 has an aim to increase the curiosity of students and encourage students to be active. In the new curriculum, students are no longer the object but rather a subject to participate in developing the subject or materials.  This change, as an effect, a variety of standards in the education component will be change, such as content standards, process standards and competency standards. What about the standard of assessment? What will be assessed by teachers with different teaching system? Minister of Education and Culture Mohammad Nuh, said that the standard of assessment in the new curriculum is different from the previous curriculum. Remembering the goal to encourage students are active in each learning material, then one of component of a students assessment if the child is a lot to ask. B. AIMS 1. KTSP ( School Based Curriculum ) The purpose of KTSP : * The general objective is to make the implementation of KTSP and empower independent education units through the provision of authority (autonomy) to educational institution and encourage schools to do participatory decision-making in curriculum development. * In particular, the implementation of KTSP purpose is to: a) Improve the quality of education through self-reliance and initiative in developing school curriculum, manage and empower the resources available. b) Raising peoples awareness in schools and the communities in developing curriculum through the return decisions together. ) Increase healthy competence among educational units to be achieved. Understand the purpose of the above, KTSP can be seen as a new approach in the development pattern of the curriculum in the context of regional autonomy being rolled out during this. Therefore, the KTSP needs to be applied by each educational unit, particularly relating to the seven terms as follows: a) School knows its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for her so that schools can optimize the utilization of available resources to advance the agency. ) School knows the needs of the institution, in particular the educational input will be developed and utilized in the educational process in accordance with the development and needs of learners. c) Decisions made by the school better suited to meet the needs of the school because school who know best what is best for their schools. d) The involvement of all citizens in public schools and curriculum development create transparency and a healthy democracy, as well as more efficient and effective when controlled by the surrounding community. ) Schools can be responsible about the quality of education their respective governments, parents of students, the community at large dam, so he will try as much as possible. f) Schools can make a healthy competition with other schools to improve the quality of education through innovative efforts to support parents of students, the community, and local government. g) Schools can rapidly respond to the aspirations of the people and the rapidly changing environment, as well as accommodate the KTSP. 2. CURRICULUM 2013 Several reasons why this curriculum is made : a) Many corruption b) Students fights and drugs c) The previous curriculum only focus on cognitive aspect d) To follow the development of era, e) The previous curriculum has not been sensitive and responsive to social chan ge at local, national, and global,etc. * The goal of new curriculum : a. Students : * Make more creative, innovative, and more productive * To increase be able to observe, question, reason, and communicate (present), for which they obtain or what they know after receiving learning materials. Through this curriculum students are expected to have competency attitudes, skills and knowledge are much better so that later they can be successful in dealing with various problems and challenges of his time, into a better future. b. Teachers : * More enthusiastic in learning activities. c. ManajemenSatuanPendididkan : * Emphasizes to give of learning services including counseling and enrichment. * Anticipating the growing number of variations in learning activities d. Country. To improve competitiveness. * To increase international reputation, especially in the education sector. Follow the development of era. e. Society : * To obtain competent graduates * To improve the wealth C. IMPLEMENTATION The implementation of Curriculum 2013 The development of curriculum 2013 have been in RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN JANGKA MENENGAH NASIONAL (RPJMN) 2010-2014. The goal of this curriculum are increasing the balance competence between attitude, skill and knowledge. This competence supported by 4 pillar. There are, productive, creative, inovative and afective. In this curriculum not only focus on subject matter, but also the competence of graduate, competence standart, process standart, value standart. The old curriculum also has competence of graduate, competence standart, process standart, value standart. However, the both has difference. In the old, the subject decided first and then the competence, now the new curriculum, competence decided first and after that subject matter. The implementation to preparation curriculum 2013 1) Book If the curriculum will be repair, the book also have to change. If the book don’t be change, so the curriculum just as a â€Å"Macan Kertas†. The Government will prepare the main book for the teachers and students. Of course, two book difference in the content. ) Teacher training Because the implementation curriculum do step by step, so the teacher training do by process too. In elemntary school, the teachers are in the first class and fourth class, in junior high school, the teachers in seventh class, and in senior high school in the tenth class. 3) Management The management of school very important to supported the successful of a s chool, for example ; school report card. The role of management in the school also will be change. The Changes of elements in curriculum 2013 a) The standart competence of Graduated. There are any development and balence in the soft skilla and hard skills which include the aspect of attitude, skill and knowledge. b) The standart of process. The studied process which the previouse focus on the exploration, Elaboration, and Confirmation, now it complete with observasing, asking, processing, providing, conclusing and producing. Studying not only in the classroom, but also in the environment of school and societies. Teachers are not one source of study. The attitudes don’t teach in verbal studying, but through good example and model. c) The standart of content. The previouse competence which decrease from the subject matter and change into the subject that developed from competence. The competence to develope through; tematik integratif into all of subject matter (Elementary school), subject matter in SMP, Subject matter in SMA and vocational in SMK. d) The standart of value. The value according to the competence, to increase the strength of PAP (Penilaian Acuan Patokan), the value not only in level KD (Kompetensi Dasar) but also the contents of competence and SKL (Standart Kompetensi Lulusan). D. PROBLEMS AND STRENGTHS * Some of which the problem occurred from KTSP : 1. Competency-based curriculum is not fully appropriate with the demands of function and purpose of national education. 2. Some of the competencies required in accordance with development needs (eg, character education, active learning methodology, the balance of soft skills and hard skills, entrepreneurship) have not been accommodated in the curriculum. 3. The curriculum has not been sensitive and responsive to social change at local, national, and global. 4. Standards do not describe the learning process of learning the detailed sequence of opening up the possibility of diverse interpretations and lead to teacher-centered learning. . Standards of assessment have not led to the competency-based assessment (process and outcome) and not explicitly call for periodic remediation. 6. SBC requires a more detailed curriculum documents in order not to give rise to multiple interpretations. Each curriculum is implemented in Indonesia has the advantages of each depends on the situations and conditions in which the curriculum is implemented. KTSP has several advantages when compared to previous curriculum, especially curriculum 2004 or KBK. KTSP advantages include: * Promote the establishment of school autonomy in education. Encourage teachers, principals, and school management to further enhance creativity in organizing educational programs. * It is possible for every school to focus and develop specific subjects acceptable to the needs of students. CHAPTER 2 CONCLUTION AND SUMMARY The general objective is to make the implementation of SBC and empower independent education units through the provision of authority (autonomy) to educational institutions and encourage schools to conduct participatory decision-making in curriculum development. Curriculum development in 2013 was able to produce a productive Indonesian people, creative, innovative, and through strengthening affective attitude (know why), skills (know how), and knowledge (know what) are integrated. * In particular, the implementation of KTSP purpose is to: a) Improve the quality of education through self-reliance and initiative in developing school curriculum, manage and empower the resources available. b) Raising peoples awareness in schools and the communities in developing curriculum through the return decisions together. ) Increase healthy competence among educational units to be achieved. * The goal of new curriculum : a. Students : * Make more creative, innovative, and more productive * To increase be able to observe, question, reason, and communicate (present), for which they obtain or what they know after receiving learning materials. * Through this curriculum students are expected to have competency attitudes, skills and knowledge are much better so that later they can be successful in dealing with various problems and challenges of his time, into a better future. . Teachers : * More enthusiastic in learning activities. c. ManajemenSatuanPendididkan : * Emphasizes to give of learning services including counseling and enrichment. * Anticipating the growing number of variations in learning activities d. Country : * To improve competitiveness. * To increase international reputation, especially in the education sector. * Follow the development of era. e. Society : * To obtain competent graduates * To improve the wealth

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches free essay sample

One proposed theory that answers this question is the Freudian argument, which states â€Å"people have an innate death drive that impels them to pursue their own downfall and death†2. This argument also concludes that people do harm themselves deliberately, even though they sometimes are not conscious of this. â€Å"Self-defeating behaviours are especially common when people feel that others view them less favourably than the people desire†1 Psychologists have constructed three models that explain different types of self-defeating behaviours, which are â€Å"distinguished by their varying degrees of intentionality†1 Three Models of Self-Destructiveness There are three models that represent self-defeating behaviours on the basis of â€Å"intentionality. †1 1. Primary self-destruction This model includes those human beings who deliberately and intentionally hurt themselves. Those in this group, usually intentionally choose an action that they know will bring harm to them. For Example masochism 2. The second conceptual model of self-defeating behaviour is called, â€Å"trade-off†1. This behaviour is done when a person knowingly makes a trade-off in a situation. It is when a person chooses a certain option that has some benefit but also has the potential to cause harm to the person as well. For Example When a person chooses to take up smoking. In a trade-off, the smoking harm to the self is accepted as a necessary accompaniment to achieving some other goal. In this trade-off model, the individual has multiple goals and desires, but the situation sets two of them in opposition. One type of trade-off is known as, â€Å"self-handicapping†1. (e. g. – health) In the trade-off, people will deliberately choose to do something that they know will harm them, so that if they fail later they are able to blame their failure on the bad choice they previously made. . The third are the counterproductive strategies. Self-defeating behaviours in which â€Å"the person neither desires nor foresees the harm to self. In this instance a person is pursuing a desirable outcome but chooses a strategy or approach that backfires and produces the opposite of the desired result. Thus, the person is pursuing a positive goal, but the person’s method of pursuing is negative. â € 1 For Example This type of behaviour is very common among young adults and usually results in some kind of â€Å"self-harmful outcomes†1. Reasons for Self-Defeating Behaviour People are more likely to behave in a self-defeating or destructive manner when either there are threats made to their ego, or when they have low self-esteem. When a person has a low self-esteem, they are more likely to be susceptible to having depression, anxiety and, emotional distress, which are problems that are usually directly related to a less favourable self-appraisal. â€Å"Emotional stress has also had a link to self-defeating behaviour. Anecdotal observations have long suggested that highly distraught people are more likely than others to do self destructive things. 3 Also, self-regulation failure is yet another supposed cause of self-defeating behaviours. Our self-regulation is related mostly to one’s self-control. Self-regulation allows a person to prepare herself to a certain situation and adapt to that situation. With self-regulation a person can either make sure they succeed, or fail in a certain situation. â€Å"Self regulation is presumably one of the major capacities that the human self has evolved in order to help bring about positive outcomes. When the self brings about negative outcomes, therefore, one could readily suspect that self-regulation has failed in some crucial way. Ultimately, self-defeating behaviour may often result from the failure of the self to regulate its behaviours properly†3 Why beat yourself up†¦? Experiments have proved, and psychologists have shown, that regular people do in fact perform behaviours that can be self-detrimental. The three models of self-destructiveness illustrate the different ways in which a person behaves in a self-defeating way, depending on each person’s level of â€Å"intentionality† to harm oneself. Human beings are more likely to behave in more self- defeating ways depending different circumstances, such as a person’s mental health. If a person is depressed or anxious then that person is more likely to behave in a self-destructive way than a person would if they were mentally healthy. Another important factor that contributes to self-destructive behaviour is seclusion. A â€Å"strong feeling of social inclusion is important for enabling the individual to use the human capacity for self-regulation in ways that will preserve and protect the self and promote the selfs best long term interests of health and well-being. 4 Perpetual Motion Learning to treat oneself with instantaneous subconscious response, in particular one that reduces psychological tension and intimately physical tension, is rewarding. Once we have time to reflect on whether our actions are mentally ethical we can rectify our behaviour for the next time. Some of us of course will not reflect on this cyclic behaviour and so it becomes habitual, making its modification more difficult. We find ourselves even when fully aware deflecting the real issues of behaviour with a minimising techniques. Effectively it takes away the possibility of choosing a healthier action or behaviour in the future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 5 e. g. Head in the sand, deflecting true emotions with humour, anaesthesia/drug and alcohol use, keeping busy as to not have time to reflect, passing the blame, and â€Å"there is no point anyway†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 5 The Fear Factory â€Å"Our dependency makes slaves out of us, especially if this dependency is a dependency of our self esteem. If you need e ncouragement, praise, pats on the back from everybody, then you make everybody your judge†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 6 We are creatures of habit and the fear generated by change can often feel verwhelming. But ultimately this in itself can become a restrictive boundary to an open, honest and progressive existence. All this deflection of true feelings, and the reality that we constantly disown or blame behaviour on any number of external influences, leaves us with little choice. â€Å"We lose the holistic nature of life and end up cutting the positive ties between the body’s psychical symptoms and the mind, we ignore the inner voice that wants us to be happy and healthy and make the right choices and farm out the responsibility on to the external forces onto which we place blame†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 5 e. g. f only†¦ When working through the challenge of self-defeating behaviours it is important that a client-led way of working is established. A therapist’s objective perspective will al low her to realise the client’s difficult behaviours and focus the therapy. But if the clients are in a state of crisis it may not be the right time to approach all of his self-defeating behaviours at once. There is credible reason for the human psyche to be afraid of change and this level of change will discourage the client attending therapy, and potentially nurture further self-defeating behaviours induced by failure. For example clients going through post traumatic stress disorder or extreme grief will not have the emotional perspective to address other behaviours in a healing way. Depressive patients may have emotional nuances that affect the therapeutic session minute by minute; ascertaining a positive session in these cases is paramount. As with all therapy, â€Å" it is vital that client empathy is sustained, challenges are gauged empathetically and that reassessment of the course of the therapy is a continual process shared with a supervisor on a regular basis. †5 Therapeutic Treatment for Self-Defeating Behaviour The PCC Technique Perhaps the most influential within this movement; Carl Rogers, introduced person-centred therapy. Which holds that intrinsic tendencies toward self-actualization (the personal psychological goal of the client) can be expressed and supported within a therapeutic relationship. Client-centred therapy operates according to three basic core principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client: 1. The therapist is congruent with the client. 2. The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard (UPR). . The therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. Carl Rogers took this a little further and proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioural or psychodynamic psychologists. The philosophy of Rogerian Counselling, or person-centred is to encourage an environment that will stimulate the client towards behavioural awareness, wit hout the intervention of the therapist suggestion. The therapist’s sole directive is to create an environment of acceptance, to offer warmth and empathy, without judgment. The therapist accomplishes this by reflecting this sensory awareness back to the client; the therapist induces a relaxed non-confrontational manner. Which will motivate the client toward feelings of safety and will therefore be more comfortable with expressing their inner feelings, and ultimately an acceptance of their own maladaptive behaviour. With the client encouraged by good feelings strengthening the inner-self, the therapist can explore self-defeating behaviours. Resulting in a complex and thorough knowledge of the psyche of the client. Allowing the therapist an insight into the pattern of self-defeating behaviour. Throughout this process with self-awareness and therapeutic encouragement, the client is following a path of self-actualisation. As the client becomes closer to self-actualisation they feel empowered, and more comfortable with their own thoughts and feelings, and are prepared to face the fear of change. And ultimately less defensive and subservient to theirs, and others peoples feelings, and opinions. Therefore discouraging continued maladaptive behaviour. The CBT Technique Therapists use several different techniques in the course of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy to help patients examine and change thoughts and behaviours. These include: Validity Testing The therapist asks the patient to defend his or her thoughts and beliefs. If the patient cannot produce objective evidence supporting his or her assumptions, the invalidity, or faulty nature, is exposed. Cognitive Rehearsal The patient is asked to imagine a difficult situation he has encountered in the past, and then works with the therapist to practice how to cope without a self-defeating approach. When the patient is confronted with a similar situation again, the rehearsed behaviour will be drawn on to manage it. Guided Discovery The therapist asks the patient a series of questions designed to guide the patient towards the discovery of his or her self-defeating behaviours. Writing in a Journal Clients keep a detailed written diary of situations that arise in everyday life, the thoughts and emotions surrounding them, and the behaviours that accompany them. The therapist and patient then review the journal together to discover maladaptive thought patterns and how these thoughts impact behaviour. Homework – A chance for the client to become acutely aware of the way they generate thought process and behaviour, whilst in the calm mental and physical space of their own lives. Modelling Role-playing exercises allow the therapist to act out appropriate reactions to different situations. The patient can then model correct behaviour. Systematic Positive Reinforcement Human behaviour is routinely motivated and rewarded by positive reinforcement, and a more specialised version of this phenomenon (systematic positive reinforcement) is used by behaviour-oriented therapists. Rules are established that specify particular behaviours that are to be reinforced, and a reward system is set up. Just as providing reinforcement strengthens behaviours, withholding it weakens them. Eradicating undesirable behaviour by deliberately withholding reinforcement is another popular treatment method called extinction. Aversive Conditioning This technique employs the principles of classical conditioning to lessen the appeal of a behaviour that is difficult to change because it is either very habitual or temporarily rewarding. The client is exposed to an unpleasant stimulus while engaged in or thinking about the behaviour in question. Eventually the self-defeating behaviour itself becomes associated with unpleasant rather than pleasant feelings. In counterconditioning, a maladaptive response is weakened by the strengthening of a response that is incompatible with it. A well-known type of counterconditioning is systematic desensitization, which counteracts the anxiety connected with a particular behaviour or situation by inducing a relaxed response to it instead. Initial Consultation Because cognitive-behavioural therapy is a collaborative effort between therapist and patient, a comfortable working relationship is critical to successful treatment. A consultation session is similar to an interview session, and it allows both patient and therapist to get to know one another. During the consultation, the therapist gathers information to make an initial assessment of the patient and to recommend both direction and goals for treatment. The patient has the opportunity to learn about the therapists professional credentials, his/her approach to treatment, and other relevant issues. PCC Vs CBT Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and Person-Centred Therapy (PCT) have been shown to bring about positive changes in therapy. CBT and PCT, like all single-theory approaches, have limitations. Research suggests that when the change-producing techniques of  CBT and PCT are combined and applied, counselling is more effective. The strength of CBT is its emphasis on process and action (i. e. goal setting, collaborative action, etc. ), but it has been criticized as lacking an emphasis on the factors that develop a strong therapeutic relationship. The strength of PCT is its emphasis on the relationship (creating a strong working alliance), but it has been criticised as lacking in structure. By combining CBT and PCT, a â€Å"super ordinate clinical framework† is created that emphasises both a positive relationship (PCT) and provides structure and interventions (CBT). 8 It seems a very productive integrated approach, PCT develops a client relationship, encouraging confidence not just to trust the therapist but to express and ultimately reflect on the clients behaviour. And CBT can seamlessly adapt the client psychotherapeutic response into a proactive result. Conclusion â€Å"It is no measure of health to be well adjusted to a profoundly sick society. † Krishnamurti7 A healthy society should encourage us to take responsibility for our actions, our lives and health and any community that fails to do this is also failing its people. Time and again the western world takes pity and frequently criticises the simplicity of the life demands, family values and spirituality of the eastern world. An existence perceived as visceral, ancient, even naive. But their contentment seems to have little standing on what they own, or know, but more on how they feel. Ironically as a culture we lack confidence in own lives; in our own existence. As a result we force-feed the rest of the world with our own celebrity led culture, over the counter domestic drug use, and a perceived democratic rule. As if to naturalise our own behaviours, relying on a veneer of gloss surrounding a deeply troubled core. Even our respect for each other can be conditional, selling the next best thing at any cost. Including the sexualisation of young individuals, normally woman, sex as a crass marketing ploy. At what cost to the young†¦? A hollow message of materialism, and the pretence of momentary ownership. We need ownership of a different kind, one of stability and mental resilience. Is that our responsibility, as individuals†¦? Our culture is one that encourages the short-term fix, a distraction from our most valuable responsibility; our own mental health. We have a responsibility not just to ourselves but for the culture we create from the minds and souls of the young we foster, to every interaction, and every provoking thought. We even dissect and criticise the thought process and behaviour of pressured, perhaps troubled individuals, for TV entertainment.

Gates Vs Rockefeller Essays - Rockefeller Family,

Gates vs Rockefeller Gates vs. Rockefeller (an epic duel between to huge business moguls) Over the years there have been many businesses and businessman. Some have prospered and some have lost everything. But only a select few have ever dominated an entire market and form a true monopoly. The government forbids such businesses but people still strive to achieve such stature. The two true powerhouses of the past 300 years in the business world would undoubtedly be William Henry Gates 3rd and John Davison Rockefeller. Both of these two business geniuses have unique stories about their rise to the top and there fall, by reading this essay you shall gain a better understanding of their stories and dealing? William Gates was born on October 28, 1955. His family had a history of being good in business and politics. His father was a prominent lawyer and his grandfather a president of a bank. Bill was a naturally gifted child who excelled in every course. His parents decided to send him to a private school, which had an enormous effect on him, due to the fact he was introduced to computers. It was during his private school years where he met Paul Allen. Allan, Gates and a few other kids, started using computers to write programs but decided that they need someway to practically use the machine in the real world. They got their first chance, by chance when Paul saw a magazine with a picture of a personal computer. He told Gates, who was a student at Harvard, and Decided to call the company and tell them they had written an operating system for the computer. This however was a lie because they didn't even own one of these machines. They had one chance to test the program and it worked perfec tly. Gates then dropped out of Harvard and he and Allen started a new company called Microsoft. In 1980, approached the two about programming a program for a personal PC. This was the birth of Ms-Dos. In 1987, he started pushing CD-ROMs, which turned out to be a good idea. The 1990s were crazy years for Microsoft. The company became a huge player and got huger and huger. As Microsoft became bigger and bigger the were able to use Predatory pricing to there advantage. That meant that they were able to slash their price so low no one could compete. Also Bill has a knack for getting PC companies to do things for Microsoft, such as putting windows on their computers or altering their program to make Microsoft work better that anything else. These side deals, predatory pricing and other questionable methods, ended up putting Microsoft under the microscope by the federal government. They decided in early 2000, that Microsoft needed to be split in two or have heavy regulations on them. Onl y time will tell what will happen to ?the richest man in the world? business. J D Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839 in Richford NY. His father was a con artist who peddled worthless items to people and had several bastards. In 1955, when J D was 16, on the 26th or September, he got a bookkeeping job that paid $.50 a day. He celebrated that day for many years. He was also a very religious person and refused to drink or smoke. J D's first business was in the oil refinery business. He and his partner Sam Andrews opened a refinery in Cleveland. In 1870 he formed Standard Oil, which was a public company. J D had a knack for getting other companies to sell to him or to go out of business. He made secret deals with railroads, the deals where that he would pay the normal price for transportation, but he would get a ?rebate?. For example if Joe Shmoe Refinery tried to ship a barrel of oil, it would cost them $2, but if Standard Oil shipped the same barrel they would pay the $2 and get $.70 back. As he became more powerful he was even able to demand that he receive rebates on his competitors shipping. Also he set up ?blind tigers?, which were smaller companies that were connected to Standard Oil but didn't have

Bartolome de Las Casas essays

Bartolome de Las Casas essays Bartolome de Las Casas was born in Sevile, Spain. Las Casas left his home for Hispaniola with Nicolas de Ovando, the governor. He was the first ordained priest in the New World. He participated in several expeditions and he took part in the bloody conquest and received Encomienda for his efforts. He kept on watching Indians getting mistreated until he thought it was way too harsh and wrong. On august 15th 1511, Las Casas listened to a sermon by a Dominican priest, Father Antonio de Montesias and got a big influence from him. He said I am a voice crying in the wilderness. He denounced Spains mistreatment of the Indians. As a result, Las Casas returned his Indians surfs to the governor and started defending Indians against Spaniards. Las Casas started investigating the treatment of Indians to return to Spain to present a defence of the Indian to King Charles I arguing that the time of military conquest of the Indians have passed and it is time to make peace. After much debate, the ki ng sided with Las Casas and built a colony for Indians in present day Venezuela. Las Casas thought Cortes and his men were cruel and had no morals. He thought Cortes was not doing things in Christian way. Las Casas made comments like Stood uncompromisingly for the true Christian attitude the Indies belong to Indians it was their home as determined by god and all that was found on it, mineral, vegetable and animal, was their property. The Spaniards had no little whatever to be there except the gospel. And he said about Cortes, his acceptance by the Indians and his popularity as a relatively benign ruler. All of the books Las Casas wrote explains what did he think of cortes and his men and the horrible mistreatment of Indians. The texts include.. 'Apologetic History of the Indies' 'Spanish Cruelties' A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies' 'Comprobatory Treatise on the Imperial Sovereignty and ...

Symbolic meaning creation is central for the management and Essay

Symbolic meaning creation is central for the management and consumption of brands - Essay Example products and goods started to emerge during 1950s and it essentially tried to embody the notion of buying things not based on what they do but what they actually mean to the consumer. This aspect of products and relative tendency of consumers to assign meanings to the different products therefore suggest some very interesting challenges for the overall brand management and how brand managers can create and sustain such symbolic meanings for their brands. This line of thinking therefore suggests that marketing systems are conceptualized as the culture production systems also because of their ability to create symbolic and cultural meanings for the goods and services. Issues like conspicuous consumption therefore come within the domain of how the marketing systems can be utilized as the meaning creation systems too with emphasis on the meaning creation by symbols. (Wattanasuwan, 2005) It is generally believed that the contemporary society is the society which is based upon consumerism. Different social arrangements within this society therefore crafted around the way different individuals in society consume. Consumption therefore is considered as the central to the different central practices in any given contemporary society. Thus the products which are consumed by individuals and the services enjoyed by the individuals just refer to the ways individuals associate themselves with different groups in a society. It is also argued that the consumers therefore not only consume the products and services but also the associated images with these products and services also. From the social perspective, it is therefore believed that in a fast paced society there is a greater need for having an individual meaning for the consumers also therefore consumers tends to associate themselves with different products and services and images attached to these products. Thus the overall concept is based upon the individual urge to have the sense of meanings to the self therefore

The gains and losses that come with women's liberation Essay

The gains and losses that come with women's liberation - Essay Example However, it is no secret that Freud has been much criticized on many points, and his theory of femininity has been among targets of such criticism. This fact does not really demote the value of Freudian insight, and I think that study of his views on femininity and the opposing ideas of other scholars can give us a better comprehension of the subject of study itself. In this regard, let us undertake a closer examination of Freud's theory of femininity, and try to see what objections to it were offered by Karen Horney, an outstanding theorist of psychology, and Simone de Beauvoir, a famous French existentialist philosopher. One of the tasks that Freud set before psychoanalysis was to explain how a woman develops from a child with initial bisexuality. The very method of psychoanalysis developed by Freud was in essence a psychological therapy that was dealing with interpretation of dreams, free association, and with investigation of displacement of feelings in relation to other people in order to uncover unconscious and repressed motives, conflicts, and anxieties of people and liberate their psychic energy. Besides, Freud viewed the period of childhood as an extremely important developmental stage that to a large degree defines and determines our personality. ... For one, according to Freud, women develop a greater attraction to narcissism which becomes a decisive factor in the psychological development of girls and begins to influence them in such a way that for women it becomes more important to be loved than to love. As one of the hidden reasons of this developmental tendency Freud offers the concept of penis-envy, which describes an unconscious feeling of sexual inferiority that women have in relation to men. Due to this complex that challenges the physical vanity, women tend to highly estimate their charms, in this way compensating for their sexual inferiority dictated by penis-envy. Freud also thinks that another unconscious manifestation of perceived genital deficiency of women is represented by the sensation of shame that is traditionally considered to be a feminine quality. In an intricate twist of reasoning, he suggests that female feeling of shame in its later period of development in women can even be linked with the invention of weaving and plaiting, which are arguably among few inventions introduced by women. Now, Freud theorizes that the unconscious motive behind the mentioned techniques is the attempt to mimic through artificial adherence of threads the natural phenomenon of the growth of the pubic hair that hides the genitals. Another essential characteristic of women in accordance with Freuds theory of femininity is seen in a marriage after the birth of the first child. At this point, when a woman who had previously been a daughter becomes a mother herself, she may reinforce the previously opposed identification with her mother. This event may in its turn attract libido to itself that may work to repeat the

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Managing Change - Essay Example Organizational leaders and its respective managers make the necessary efforts in order to accomplish the change. It is basically the nature of their work that they do such modifications. While in the process it reflects that some are very much acquainted with such practices while others are not. Also, some are able to grasp the things swiftly while others take longer hours to settle down. This often make significant differences in the job pattern of the people who settle down and spend a good span of time in their jobs while others get bogged down under pressure. This makes the candidate much more inferior with respect to his counterpart and ultimately settles down frustrated and aimless. This also makes him loose his efficiency level. But unfortunately there are least number of schools and institutions that apply to the study of such practices and thereby provide possible solutions. They are required to identify those particular areas and develop strategies by critical examination o f the shortfalls. It should become a priority for these organizations to develop solutions. (Organizational Change Management, 2009) However, changing a management is sort of a difficult practice to implement. It is similar to changing an individual’s long established habit that has been continuing over the years. On the organizational context in order to bring about change, it is required to understand the basic concepts about the structures and the different roles played by the management. This is a practice implemented in order to gear up the performance level of the organizations and side by side improve the performance level of the people in and around the organization. Researchers have almost borrowed thoughts and several concepts covering these areas which try to unfold the various aspects of organizational change. They have put up theories in order to describe situations

Impact of Slavery on a Child

Impact of Slavery on a Child Life of a Slave Child It is hard to imagine growing up in the slave era. With the luxuries that even the poorest of children have in current times, makes the life a slave child even more unbelievable to say the least. A child that grew up as a slave suffered a very brutal, harsh childhood on a number of different levels. Not only was the suffering physical it was also psychological. The psychological far outweighing the physical, in my opinion. From birth to the end of many slaves lives, they often felt powerless, inferior, shame, and perhaps the most damaging psychological effect was the sense of not having family ties and fearing separation from family. Physically, slave children suffered from physical labor at young ages, poor nutrition and sanitation. Often times this conditions lead to many serious if not fatal diseases. Slave children were valued assets to slave owners and were given a monetary value and while some young toddler aged children lived in the masters homes, there lives were far from lux urious. Toddler aged children were often held responsible for taking care of infant children of the master. As they got older, they were responsible for domestic chores, such as, housekeeping, fanning their masters, cooking, etc. and eventually were sent to the fields to work as young teenagers. Growing up in the 1990s and early 2000s this world seems so far from what I ever knew as a child. During play, slave children would create games that would help them deal with their surroundings. They wanted to feel they had some control over the things that were going on around them and teach them how to be adults. Games such as Hide the Switch and Auction were just a couple of the games slave children played to prepare them for the actual beating or selling of a family member. They also did not have manufactured toys. They would create balls to play with out of yarn and old socks. Games also were used as learning tools for slave children that were deprived of education. For example, Hide and Seek was used to learn to count. Several other games were used to enhance verbal usage and ring games were a way of release of emotions a child may be feeling by allowing them to make rhythms. Slave children often hunted and fished as competitive sports, which also allowed them to make their families a little better off, they tended to stay away from games that required someone to lose. Old er children would be on watch to notify the younger children that a master was approaching by singing a song. This is also something children in modern times do, they look out for someone of authority coming but the roles are reversed, the younger children are usually the one watching out. Slave children looked forward to being able to work in the fields. They were at that time allowed to receive some of the same benefits as the adults, such as rations of food and more clothing. This usually happened at around the age twelve. Again, it is hard to image as a child of twelve that I had to go work to receive a full meal or clothes. At twelve, my parents made sure that I had better clothes than them and was never denied food when I was hungry. Not only was it hard being a child during the slave era, it was as equally hard, if not harder, being a parent. While in todays world becoming a parent, regardless of age, is one of the best moments of your life that was not the case with slave parents. Slave parents would deliver their children with bitter sweet emotion as they knew what suffrage lay in wait of their children. This was especially the case with female children. Female children were sexually exploited starting as a very young age. The sexual assaults physically were brutal, not to mention the emotional and mental effects sexual assaults had on female slaves. Children that were conceived in the manner of sexual assault by slave masters and considered mulatto were mistreated on an entirely different level than other slave children and were most likely separated from their mothers because the mistress of the plantation didnt want them around. Fathers had a hard time dealing with being able to protect their families from the harshness surrounding them. When a father did attempt to protect his children, they or he was sold to a different plantation, so in an effort to keep his family together he would stand by and watch injustices done to his family. In my opinion, being able to keep his composure in certain situations made him a better father than by not keeping his composure. Slave owners in justification of working pregnant women in the field and lowering their rations of food where in fact one of the biggest reason that the slave child morality rate was so high. I do not believe that slave owners actually thought that working the fields actually made delivery of a child easier nor do I believe they thought not feeding the mother would lower birth weight of the child. It has often been said that children were resilient and this is proven over and over again with slave children. Children born into slavery learned to deal with there conditions on away no other child has ever had to do. They rose above these transgressions by learning how to read and write, learning racial etiquette, taking personal responsibility for themselves and looking to a higher power to end their suffering. At the onset of the Civil War, women and children slaves sought refuge with the Union while boys as young as ten joined the military to fight in the war. Others such as Frederick Douglas escaped slavery, became educated, and fought for rights of slaves on a national level. The hate slavery generated between black slaves and white slave owners over 150 years ago was so I posit that even after 150 years have passed it is still one of the causes of racial tension in the world today.

History of the Ferrari :: American America History

History of the Ferrari Ferrari, when most people think of this word they think of two things: speed and sport. Ferrari is one of the most distinguished cars in history. It has won more races than almost any other cars racing. It is also just delicate a machine as it is the fast and furious sports car. Ferrari has come a great distance since its begins in the stock races onto the modern road. It has been compared with such great cars as the Bugatti and Alfa Romeo. In my report I will tell you the beginning and the future of this famous sports car. The Maker The man who made Ferrari, and made the name, was Enzo Ferrari. Born in Modena February 18, 1898. Forced to leave school when his father died he got work as a turning instructor in the Modena Fire Brigades' workshop. He served in WW I as a mechanic and later found work as a test driver in 1918 in Turin. He later moved to CMN to become a race car driver and tester. His racing debut came in the 1919 Parma-Berceto race and he entered the Targa Florio that same year. In 1920, he moved to Alfa Romeo establishing a relationship that lasted two decades and a career that took him from test driver to race driver to sales assistant and finally to the post of Director of the Alfa Racing Division until November 1939. (http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/www.ferrari.it/storia/enzoferr.e/enzoferr.html) In 1929 he joined with Alfa Romeo. He made the name Scuderia Ferrari. His goal was to organize racing for Alfa. He fully took over in 1933 and in 1940 completely separated from Alfa. The workshop was bombed out in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946 the year in which it started designing and building the very first Ferrari. In 1963 Enzo Ferrari built his Istituto Professionale per l'Industria e l'Artigianato, a training school in Maranello. In 1972 he built the Fiorano test track. (http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/www.ferrari.it/storia/enzoferr.e/enzoferr.html) He received numerous awards for his automotive genius, such as Italian award of Cavaliere and the Gold Medal from the Italian School of Art and Culture. After his many accomplishments and his numerous racing wins, he died on August 14 1988. The Early Years Now I will tell you of the early years of this car. The first Ferrari's were stock and racing cars, the Ferrari became a "street car" in about 1950, and were made in Maranello during WW II with the soul purpose was to race and win. History of the Ferrari :: American America History History of the Ferrari Ferrari, when most people think of this word they think of two things: speed and sport. Ferrari is one of the most distinguished cars in history. It has won more races than almost any other cars racing. It is also just delicate a machine as it is the fast and furious sports car. Ferrari has come a great distance since its begins in the stock races onto the modern road. It has been compared with such great cars as the Bugatti and Alfa Romeo. In my report I will tell you the beginning and the future of this famous sports car. The Maker The man who made Ferrari, and made the name, was Enzo Ferrari. Born in Modena February 18, 1898. Forced to leave school when his father died he got work as a turning instructor in the Modena Fire Brigades' workshop. He served in WW I as a mechanic and later found work as a test driver in 1918 in Turin. He later moved to CMN to become a race car driver and tester. His racing debut came in the 1919 Parma-Berceto race and he entered the Targa Florio that same year. In 1920, he moved to Alfa Romeo establishing a relationship that lasted two decades and a career that took him from test driver to race driver to sales assistant and finally to the post of Director of the Alfa Racing Division until November 1939. (http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/www.ferrari.it/storia/enzoferr.e/enzoferr.html) In 1929 he joined with Alfa Romeo. He made the name Scuderia Ferrari. His goal was to organize racing for Alfa. He fully took over in 1933 and in 1940 completely separated from Alfa. The workshop was bombed out in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946 the year in which it started designing and building the very first Ferrari. In 1963 Enzo Ferrari built his Istituto Professionale per l'Industria e l'Artigianato, a training school in Maranello. In 1972 he built the Fiorano test track. (http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/www.ferrari.it/storia/enzoferr.e/enzoferr.html) He received numerous awards for his automotive genius, such as Italian award of Cavaliere and the Gold Medal from the Italian School of Art and Culture. After his many accomplishments and his numerous racing wins, he died on August 14 1988. The Early Years Now I will tell you of the early years of this car. The first Ferrari's were stock and racing cars, the Ferrari became a "street car" in about 1950, and were made in Maranello during WW II with the soul purpose was to race and win.

The Most Influential Designers of the Century

Paul Poiret (1879 – 1944) is best known for liberating women from corsets. Lacking certain technical dressmaking skills Poiret made draping the focal point of his designs. He was interested in simple shapes that freed the body and being inspired by Fauvism, Japanese culture and the Ballet Russes mostly used exotic colours. He was the king of Oriental Era in 1910's and a natural businessman. He expanded limits of what fashion meant at the time and brought some serious innovations to the industry. Kimono coat, â€Å"hobble† skirt, â€Å"lampshade† tunics, â€Å"harem† pantaloons are all signature outfits of Paul Poiret.Along with other designers like Mariano Fortuny, Paul Poiret helped to establish what we now call a Classical style and of course, he is one of those designers who define Exoticism. While researching this revolutionary designer I came up with idea of three types of women he designed for: 1) Goddess-like woman in rich colored, empire waisted, b eautifully draped dress; 2) Exotic, seductive, slave-like woman in turban and harem pantaloons/hobble skirt. 3) Rich, extravagant Eastern/Japanese woman in fur, velvet, etc. lush fabrics.Gabrielle Coco Chanel (1883 – 1971) is rightfully called a queen of 20's. She was (and still is) one of the most influential designers of all time. The style that Chanel promoted is considered classic today, not to mention timeless wardrobe essentials as little black dress or Chanel suit. Channel started off by shortening hemlines so that women who now had to work in factories (post WWI) would feel more comfortable. Using unconventional fabrics (at the time) like jersey and tweed she adapted menswear to women needs and actually transformed what a modern woman means.Her woman was independent and strong. She lowered the waistline to upper hips level thus creating an androgynous/boyish silhouette – La Garconne. Combining elegance and practicality she used simple materials to create access ories: for the first time in history daring to mix pearls with glass beads and inventing â€Å"poor chic†. On the contrary to Poiret, Coco Chanel was an experienced seamstress and paid great attention to details. Later in her career, she stopped using sewing machines and started making every garment by hand.She was also known for her signature embroidery which was carried out by Russian house Kitmir exclusively for her. For me, Chanel stands for timeless elegance. She is inspirational image of independence and innovation. Nowadays, Karl Lagerfeld is a head of design in house of Chanel. Here are my three favorite looks this season (from pret-a-porter A/W 2012): Madeleine Vionnet (1876 – 1975) was the first designer to adapt her â€Å"haute couture† designs to high street and by doing so she transformed commercial fashion industry. Vionnet combined modern business practices with innovation in dressmaking.She is also praised for taking garment construction to the h ighest level – adopting and perfecting the bias-cut (many people say she invented the bias cut but in her biography Vionnet clearly states that is not true), making dresses with one seam and showing off outstanding cutting skills in each garment. Vionnet promoted style which I would describe as Grecian aesthetics minimized and polished to form clean, sleek, ageless idea of beauty. In 1925 British Vogue, articulating Vionnet's appeal, declared her ‘perhaps the greatest geometrician among all French couturiers'.Her ideas survived and are continued with great success in the house of Vionnet. http://vionnet. com Here are some of my favorite looks this season: Elsa Schiaparelli (1890–1973), Italian designer and the greatest rival of Chanel was a very influential figure in 30's fashion. Fascinated by Surrealism, she formed one of the most iconic partnerships between Art and Fashion while working with world-renowned artist Salvador Dali. (I must mention though, that she collaborated with many other artists of the time).Unfortunately, she didn't adapt to changes after WWII and her business had to close in 1954. Today, her garments are kept in museums and she is praised as a genius, messiah of ultramodern couture. Few of her creations are particularly famous: Tear (1), Lobster (2) and Skeleton (3) dresses and Shoe hat (4). Claire McCardell (1905-1958) is regarded as the inventor of the â€Å"American Look†. With the rationing of silk and wool during WWII, she employed corduroy, seersucker, denim and cotton fabrics to create sensational designs. She said, that â€Å"All of us, any of us, deserves the right to a good fashion†.Her Monastic and Popover dresses were massive hits, not to mention cloth ballet slippers which survived until today. She was the originator of mix-and-match separates, spaghetti straps, pedal-pushers, bareback summer dresses, strapless swimsuits, and feminine denim fashion. Immediately after WWII, Christian Dior (19 5 – 1957) jumped into a fashion arena. He launched his â€Å"New Look† in 1947 and it was an immediate success. After years of rationing Dior cut himself loose and designed dresses with full skirts (making of these required up to 50 yards of fabric), â€Å"waspie† waists and slender shoulder line.He brought back femininity and hope for a better life. Although many people in Europe were shocked with such drastic changes, Americans gladly accepted the new breeze and much of Dior's income in the first years came from export to USA. Unfortunately, genius died 10 years later leaving young master Yves Saint Laurent as an artistic director of his house. Today Dior house is one of the strongest leaders in fashion industry and one of my personal favorites as well. Here are my three favorite looks from A/W 2012 haute couture collection:Yves Saint Laurent (1936 – 2008) was hailed as the man who (at the age of 22) saved the house of Dior, a King of French fashion and a first couturier to present ready-to-wear collections. I think that the most important time began when he opened his own house in 1962. He was a genius and cared about empowering women, also (much like Schiaparelli) he aimed to shock. Therefore a trouser suit – Le Smoking – was born. It was a trend setting evening trouser suit and it became Yves Saint Laurent's trademark, also a must-have in modern women's wardrobe.We have to be grateful to him for blazers, see-through blouses and a business wardrobe for women. He was one of the main figures in 60's and 70's taking the best out of pop culture and translating it to fashion (Andy Warhol inspired dresses). He was also a great lover of art so he designed a collection of dresses inspired by his favorite painter Piet Mondrian. â€Å"Mondrian Look† (especially one particular dress) is as famous as New Look or Elsa Schiaparelli's Tear dress. Yves Saint Laurent house continues to make androgynous women designs under le adership of newly appointed creative director Hedi Slimane.Here are my favorite looks from Spring/Summer 2013 ready-to-wear collection: Hubert de Givenchy (1927 – today) is best known for his elegant, refined style, and for his popularity with celebrities like Audrey Hepburn (Audrey Hepburn became a symbol of house of Givenchy, she popularized him in movies like â€Å"Sabrina†, â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany's†, â€Å"My fair lady†, etc. ) , Jackie Kennedy, Grace Kelly and many others. Givenchy introduced a new concept of mix and match separates (unthinkable in 1950's). His signature garments were: little black dress and â€Å"Bettina† blouse.Creating elegance for 40 years straight, Givenchy house continues to astonish the world today with a new leader Riccardo Tisci. Here are my favorite looks from A/W 2012: Givenchy's idol was Cristobal Balenciaga (1895 – 1972) a great Spanish couturier and colorist. He was strictly modern, very technical and a master of illusion. He invented the threequarter-length sleeve and the standaway collar. He taught fashion design classes, inspiring other designers such as Oscar de la Renta, Andre Courreges, Emanuel Ungaro, Mila Schon and Hubert de Givenchy.He was so innovative, that he designed waistless dresses and tunics in 50's proving to be fashion forward by almost a decade. However, in 1968 he decided to close his business. Balenciaga house was bought by Gucci group and today is run by Nicolas Ghesquiere, one of the most talented designers of today(as praised by Vogue). Here are my favorite looks of the season: Mary Quant (1934 – today) is a British designer and fashion icon which has become synonymous with the â€Å"swinging sixties† in London. She is credited with the invention of a mini skirt, skinny rib sweater and false lashes.She reinvented the use of PVC material and created the popular â€Å"Wet Look†. She popularized hot pants and eventually received OBE and Hall of Fame awards from British Council for her outstanding contribution to fashion industry. Through 70's and 80's she concentrated on cosmetics industry and interior design and her clothing lines became of secondary importance. Today she has about 200 Mary Quant Colour shops in Japan where her cosmetic products remain popular. Vivienne Westwood (1941 – today) is the mother of 70's punk era.Together with Malcolm McLaren she established a brand that specialized in clothing with bondage pants, kilts, chains, leather jackets and T-shirts with provocative imagery. Popularized by McLaren's managed band â€Å"Sex Pistols† the look became a new wave of fashion . It was quickly accepted amongst teenagers and young adults and I think it captured the overall atmosphere of self-expression in 70's. Vivienne did not stop here though, she went on to receive prestigious OBE and DBE awards and opened quite a few labels under her name: Golden Label, Anglomania, Red Label and Man.Her house successfully work today and here are my favourite looks from A/W 2012 collection: Rei Kawabuko (1942 – today) is a Japanese avant-garde designer which managed to enter the international fashion scene with an uproar. In 1983 (together with another designer Japanese designer Yohji Yamamoto) she presented a new concept in fashion – deconstructed silhouette, colourless, distressed fabrics and garments full of clothes. The look was immediately dubbed â€Å"the Hiroshima chic†, â€Å"boro look†, â€Å"beggar look† and similar.Her distinctive point of view shocked and amused the West and that earned her a place in Parisian Chambre Syndicale du Pret-a-Porter. Today she is a head of her own company Comme des Garcons, and one of the most popular brands in the world. Here are my favourite looks from this season: Yohji Yamamoto (1943 – today) became popular at the same time as Rei Kawabuko. Presenting the unprecedented style concept to Western fas hion world with his 1983 cutwork collection he was instantly acknowledged and recognized.His asymmetrical designs always take a viewer by surprise, his commercially successful designs are sold worldwide and together with Rei Kawabuko Yohji Yamamoto is held responsible for putting Tokyo on the map fashion wise. Wonderful thing is, that despite similarities in Kawabuko's and Yamamoto's designs (and their life together in 80s – 90s) they both have different aesthetics and distinctive directions. Kawabuko occurs to me to be more conceptual and Yamamoto is way more elegant designer. Here are my favourite looks:John Galliano (1960 – today) is one of the most controversial designers today but nevertheless, genius. In short, he graduated from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design Galliano was awarded the â€Å"British Designer of the Year† in the year 1987, 1994 and 1995. Due to frequent financial troubles he accepted the job offer at Givenchy and in two years time he was transferred to Dior as a creative director of the house. He also has his own house under his name. Achieving that amount of success in a short period of time, he is proven to be genius and of course he has plenty of respectable awards to prove it.His creations are magical, his style is very dramatic and his presentations are always theatrical . Despite his recent â€Å"crimes† (in 2011 he was dismissed from Dior when found guilty of racial insults in public) Galliano name still stands for unspeakable elegance and innovation, his garments are highly collectible. It is unclear to me what happened to genius after he was dismissed from Dior. House of Galliano is working without his original captain under leadership of Bill Gaytten. However his idea of beauty prevails and I think he is the next Chanel. Here are my favourite looks from this season:Alexander McQueen (1969 – 2010) was a magnificent designer who left a huge imprint through his short lifetime. He wo n a great number of awards for his distinctive dramatic point of view, including Commander of the Order of the British Empire, International Designer of the Year 2003 by Council of fashion designers of America and others of similar caliber. Ever since he entered fashion industry he was considered a genius. Fashion editors were left in awe after each new collection, not to mention the infamous VOSS. He is well known for his collaborations with celebrities such as Lady Gaga, Bjork, Kanye West and Katy Perry.I would say his style is eccentric, avant-garde but extremely elegant at the same time. Alexander McQueen was original in every way and extremely technical as well. After unfortunate and untimely death of genius in 2010 Sarah Burton took the helm of Alexander McQueen's house and added her own feminine touch to the name. She has also designed a wedding dress for the Royal Wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince Williams. Alexander McQueen's house successfully runs today and here are fe w wonderful creations from this year Autumn/Winter collection:

French and Latin Diplomatic Terms

French and Latin Diplomatic Terms French and Latin Diplomatic Terms French and Latin Diplomatic Terms By Mark Nichol For hundreds of years, France was a world power militarily, economically, and culturally, and thus its language became the political, well, lingua franca. Although the nation is no longer a superpower (yet influential in world affairs), the French language is still well represented in the vocabulary of diplomacy- as is its precursor, Latin. This post lists and defines words adopted directly from French (and Latin) into diplomatic discourse, now dominated by English. (Each term is followed by an English translation. Latin terms are designated with the abbreviation L.; all other terms are from French.) Acte final (â€Å"final act†): A formal statement summarizing the results of a conference between representatives of two or more nations. Agrà ©ment (â€Å"agreement†): Approval by a nation’s government of a proposed new ambassador or other diplomat to represent another nation’s interest in the first nation before the diplomat is appointed Aide mà ©moire (â€Å"memory aid†): A summary of key points of an official conversation between representatives of two nations, prepared by one party and submitted to the other at the end of the meeting or at a later time to aid memory. Alternat (â€Å"alternate†): The principle that when two or more nations enter into an agreement, each nation’s official designation will be listed first on its respective copy of the agreement when copies are distributed to representatives of each nation. Ambassador extraordinary and ambassador plenipotentiary: These phrases are alterations of, rather than direct borrowings from, French, but the syntax of compound nouns consisting of postpositive adjectives (in which an adjective that further specifies a noun follows the noun) is an artifact of French. (Other examples include â€Å"attorney general.†) Attachà © (â€Å"attached†): Any of several various officers in an embassy, including one or more attachà ©s representing the military branches of the nation represented by the embassy; professional specialists known as, for example, the cultural attachà ©; or junior ambassadorial officers. Also, part of the phrase â€Å"attachà © case,† denoting a type of briefcase, originally used by such officers to carry documents, that became popular for general use. Bout de papier (â€Å"piece of paper†): A document for conveying information between an embassy and the government of the host nation that is more informal than an aide memoire or a memorandum. Chargà © d’affaires, a.i. (â€Å"in charge of business in the interim†): Originally, without the abbreviation (for â€Å"ad interim†), the designation for an embassy official ranking below an ambassador or a minister; now, with the abbreviation, the term for an official substituting for the ambassador in his or her absence. Communiquà © (â€Å"communication†): A carefully managed and innocuous public statement summarizing the result of a meeting between representatives of two or more nations. By extension, a synonym, in general usage, for bulletin. Concordat (â€Å"agreement†): An agreement between one or more nations and the Vatican. Consul (L., â€Å"one who consults†): Any one of various officials, subordinate to an ambassador, who represents a nation’s political and economic interests in a major city of another nation and supports the interests of other citizens of his or her nation who are visiting, or living in, the host nation. The office of a consul is a consulate, a lower-ranking official is a vice consul, and an honorary consul is a citizen of a host nation appointed by another nation to represent its interests in the absence of a consulate and its officials. During the time of the Roman Republic, and briefly in France following the French Revolution, the term denoted one of two (in Rome) or three (in France) chief magistrates who led the government. Demarchà © (â€Å"walk†): An official overture by an ambassadorial diplomat to representatives of a host nation about a matter of concern to the diplomat’s nation, usually made in conjunction with a request for action or a decision on the part of the host nation. The term derives from the notion of the diplomat walking to the office of a host nation’s representative to discuss the matter in question. Dà ©tente (â€Å"relaxation†): An easing of tension between nations. Entente (â€Å"understanding†): A relationship between two or more nations with similar interests or objectives, resulting in an oral or written agreement less formal than a treaty (from the phrase â€Å"entente cordial,† or â€Å"friendly understanding†). By extension, the term also denotes a coalition of parties to such a relationship. Exequatur (L., â€Å"let him perform†): a document issued by the government of a host nation that authorizes a consul to perform his or her duties in that nation. Ex gracia (L., â€Å"by grace†): An action performed as a gesture of goodwill rather than an obligation. Modus vivendi (L., â€Å"manner of living†): A temporary interim written agreement composed as a record that stands until the final document is completed. In general usage, denotes a practical compromise or a way of life. Persona non grata (L., â€Å"unacceptable person†): A person from another nation that the government of a host nation considers unacceptable or unwelcome. By extension in general usage, any such person in a social situation. Rapporteur (â€Å"reporter†): A representative of a committee or a subcommittee responsible for preparing a summary of its proceedings. Rapprochement (â€Å"a bringing together†): Establishment of improved relations between two nations. By extension in general usage, any such reconciliation between any two parties. Tour d’horizon (â€Å"overview†): A general discussion between diplomats of different nations about topics that concern both or all nations. Ultimatum (L., â€Å"final†): A final statement of position issued by representatives of one nation’s government to another, sometimes as a preliminary to a declaration of war. By extension in general usage, any statement by one party to another expressing a demand that will, if not met, result in stated or implied consequences. Visa (L., â€Å"seen†): A document authorizing a citizen of one nation temporary or permanent residence in another nation. Also, the following abbreviations are employed in social correspondence between diplomats and representatives of a host nation as shorthand for various sentiments: P.C.: â€Å"pour condoler† (â€Å"for sympathy†) P.F.: â€Å"pour fà ©liciter† (â€Å"for congratulations†) P.M.: â€Å"pour memoire† (â€Å"for a reminder†) P.P.: â€Å"pour presenter† (â€Å"for introduction†) P.P.C.: â€Å"pour prendre congà ©Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"for taking leave†) P.R.: â€Å"pour remercier† (â€Å"for thanks†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of Language8 Writing Tips for Beginners10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Free Essays on Pascals Wager

Pascal’s Wager During the seventeenth century, religion was a main segment of people’s lives. Majority of people who lived during this time had the fear of eternal damnation in hell if they were not living as Christians by the way of God. Christians believed that following the â€Å"word of God† would inevitably grant them passage to heaven in the afterlife. French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal lived during these times and was well known for his achievements in his fields. Upon converting to a meticulous form of Roman Catholicism, he experienced an overwhelming religious incident that changed the rest of his life. He then â€Å"devoted his intellectual energies primarily to religious matters† (Abel and Stumpf 129) and began writing â€Å"Apologie de la Religion Chrà ©tienne,† but was unable to finish due to his death. His notes were later compiled and published into a work titled â€Å"Pensà ©es† which contains the widely known defense for Chri stianity known as â€Å"Pascal’s Wager.† Everyone in life possesses the attribute of â€Å"free will.† This power entitles us to have numerous beliefs throughout our lives we live. Humans possess the â€Å"free will† to make a decision to believe in God or not. Pascal believes that humans alone are â€Å"incapable of knowing either what he is or if he is† (131), but we have the choice of believing in God or not. Everyone has to make this choice about God, but contained in â€Å"Apologie de la Religion Chrà ©tienne† is â€Å"Pascal’s Wager† which gives four outcomes from Pascal’s ideas of what the result will be from our own beliefs. To â€Å"live morally, as religion requires† (Abel and Stumpf 130) is a way a person expresses that they believe in God. To not believe in God is to do just the opposite. The way you live your life determines the outcome of what will happen to you in the next. According to Pascal, he believes that â€Å"you can do neither the one thing nor the ot... Free Essays on Pascal's Wager Free Essays on Pascal's Wager Pascal’s Wager During the seventeenth century, religion was a main segment of people’s lives. Majority of people who lived during this time had the fear of eternal damnation in hell if they were not living as Christians by the way of God. Christians believed that following the â€Å"word of God† would inevitably grant them passage to heaven in the afterlife. French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal lived during these times and was well known for his achievements in his fields. Upon converting to a meticulous form of Roman Catholicism, he experienced an overwhelming religious incident that changed the rest of his life. He then â€Å"devoted his intellectual energies primarily to religious matters† (Abel and Stumpf 129) and began writing â€Å"Apologie de la Religion Chrà ©tienne,† but was unable to finish due to his death. His notes were later compiled and published into a work titled â€Å"Pensà ©es† which contains the widely known defense for Chri stianity known as â€Å"Pascal’s Wager.† Everyone in life possesses the attribute of â€Å"free will.† This power entitles us to have numerous beliefs throughout our lives we live. Humans possess the â€Å"free will† to make a decision to believe in God or not. Pascal believes that humans alone are â€Å"incapable of knowing either what he is or if he is† (131), but we have the choice of believing in God or not. Everyone has to make this choice about God, but contained in â€Å"Apologie de la Religion Chrà ©tienne† is â€Å"Pascal’s Wager† which gives four outcomes from Pascal’s ideas of what the result will be from our own beliefs. To â€Å"live morally, as religion requires† (Abel and Stumpf 130) is a way a person expresses that they believe in God. To not believe in God is to do just the opposite. The way you live your life determines the outcome of what will happen to you in the next. According to Pascal, he believes that â€Å"you can do neither the one thing nor the ot...

2.The 1945 election put democratic-collectivist tatisme into the Essay

2.The 1945 election put democratic-collectivist tatisme into the saddle (D. Marquand). Is this a fair assessment of what the 1945-51 Attlee governments stood for - Essay Example 12), a slogan made to advertise the party’s intentions. The social change that made them prepare for the future included establishing the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain. The Labour Party liked to see itself as the party of Commonwealth (Fielding, 2004). This manifesto proved very attractive to a nation that was upset due to war and was looking forward to meaningful social and administrative changes. The measures taken by Attlee’s administration regarding food rationing deserve praise (Chick, 2002). The prime minster had pressure to radically reconsider Britain’s military commitments because of financial and economic difficulties (Heinlein, 2002). He was even forced to slow the demobilization (Ovendale, 1994). The party’s manifesto gave the nation hope. Attlee’s administration was offering the nation something new that made them believe that the pre-war poverty and atrocities wont return. They offered the nation a whole new way of living (Francis, 1997). David Marquand, a well-known critique of Britains social and political atmosphere and history, quotes in his book about Attlee’s first Chancellor of Exchequer, Hugh Dalton promising the nation about building a new society and having power to do it. Marquand’s claim bear a lot of truth to it. Since 1918 the British society has gone through many social and political changes. The Labour Partys victory in the 1945 elections surround the debate about democratic collectivist statism. One needs to understand what collectivism means. In Latin it means to gather together. It is an ideology that encourages societies to think on collective bases and not on individual needs. It states that collective human behaviour is morally much stronger than individual actions. It is because it takes care of all human beings with the premise that individual actions should not benefit the individuals. They should be intended to serve the community. The collectivist also believe

Future of Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Future of Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Future of Fashion" concerns the fashion's future. The visual physical contact will determine to a large extent whether the costumer will like the product or not. The place therefore is very essential because it is where the actual sale occurs. The place of the retailing activity – the Store – has its evolution: from the retailer’s house, to a small stall without a roof on a busy street; to a structure with a roof in an open plaza or space, to a big store in a big building, to a shop inside a building with other smaller shops, and to a group of many big stores all housed under a large structure or venue. A store’s size may be small, medium or big. It may only have a table where the goods are placed for sale or it may have many merchandising elements like shelves, racks, booths, kiosks, counters, cashiers, aisles, promotional materials and sales people. The shop may be a simple room or an architectural building with interior design to make it attr active for customers to come inside the store. The store therefore performs many functions other than just the place of sale; it also serves as a promotional, advertising and marketing tool. It must attract people to come inside, look at the products and make a purchase. It must give customers a good feeling and pleasant experience for them to visit again and buy. With the hectic changes and very fast-paced improvement of technology however, the significance and effectiveness of the store is slowly being threatened to the point. where it may be relegated to performing a minor or useless role. That single technology challenging the role of the store as the forefront of the retailing business is the Computer-Internet tandem. With changes in technology come also changes in the psychological and mental attitudes of people. Human beings when exposed to the capabilities of gadgets and instruments become attracted to the benefits and amenities that technology brings and they soon begin to have a lifestyle revolving around such technology. These modern tools have brought them up close to and face to face with goods and services through the internet without having to enter a store. According to Campus Market Research, 91% of US college students are online everyday and 74% prefer to buy textbooks online (Sanchez 6). Products can be seen before the monitor of a computer with colors approximating their real value; the specifications of the product may be downloaded and known; and prices from different stores may be viewed and compared. The products can be ordered and paid with credit cards through the internet itself or executed with the support of electronic peripherals like a telephone, cell-phone or fax machine. Lastly, the buyer has the luxury and comfort of having the bought items delivered to his or her doorstep without ever having to step inside a single store! One may be led to think that the Internet may cause the complete obliteration or obsolescence of the stor e. As mentioned earlier, Traditional or Conventional Retailing is done through the Store (store-retailing). It is a real place where real goods are physically located. It is a place where consumers can go to look at the goods they need and possibly buy if they want them. They can see, smell and touch the actual product; they can make real time appreciation and evaluation of the product

Cultural Activity Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Activity Report - Essay Example Inside the book, there were different directions to various sections within the museum. In addition, it had a brief history of the museum. As I was walking, I noticed that the people who were attending the museum, were people from different ethnic background. Although, most of them were Americans and Chinese. Just like any other museum, they were dressed in casual clothes. The Museum has different sections: anthropology, archaeology, arms gallery, art, numistics, educational activities, botany, zoology, geology, children museum, and various laboratories. However, after visiting all the sections within the museum, there were two sections which caught my attention. This were the archaeology and the anthropology sections. The anthropology section, is basically concerned with preserving data about evolution of man and the activities that they were involved with. It is in this section that I managed to see the first computer that was built in 1930. The computer was about a half tonne and 10 meters long. The curator told me that it was slow, and it could not store information for more than twenty four hours. I also realised that up to today the way the Egypt pyramids were built, have not been understood. In fact, most researchers believe that the technique that the Egyptians used to build the pyramid is very advanced, and this therefore means that in terms of building technology, the earlier man may have been advanced than us. While, the archaeology section contained ancient Egypt pieces of arts, the protestant reformation arts, the ancient Chinese culture arts etc. Some of the ancient Egypt pieces of art which I saw were, the lion hunting cup, drachma, cow nursing its calf, and horse shaped drinking vessel; as well as images of kings. While, some of the ancient Chinese pieces of art I saw were, the travellers among mountains and streams by Fan Ku’an, and the three coloured ceramics (Tang Dynasty) by San Cai. Out of these arts, the

Personal Finance Plan Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Personal Finance Plan Worksheet Essay The process of creating a detailed plan to meet your financial needs and prepare for the future is called b. personal financial planning. 2. Which of the following is not one of the five major steps of the financial planning process? c. collect and organize your financial information 3. Which phase in life is commonly associated with focus on marriage, family, purchasing a home, and career development? c. ate 20’s through your 40’s 4. Which of the following is a benefit of having a college degree that can affect your financial planning? d. all the above 5. Which of the following elements of a comprehensive financial plan involves analyzing future needs, such as saving for retirement or college funding for dependents? d. protecting wealth and dependents Directions Respond to the following short-answer questions in 50-to 100-words: 6. People have different styles when it comes to handling their money. List the two things that affect your personal beliefs and opinions about financial planning. How well do you feel you manage your money? Can you spot areas for improvement in your money management style, and if so, where/how? a. Two things that affect my personal beliefs about financial planning are: my family composition and values. I want my family to be comfortable and I also save but not as much and often as I should. Making sure I save for hard time and my family stability is a must. Setting up a budget is a main topic in my household. b. I can do better and stop tapping into my savings. I do have a savings account that is linked to my account. Everytime I spend something a dollar is sent to my savings, so that also help me balance my account as well. I also need to focus on our needs and not what we want. c. Yes I could stop spending more money and save more which is hard because we just moved and we are buying the house we are renting. Im putting money into the house but bills still have to be paid. We are starting to do a budget to eliminate the how, who, when, and where. 7. Which element of the comprehensive financial plan focuses on your housing needs, setting aside money for emergencies, and establishing a career path? Consider your own finances. Do currectly own a vehicle and/or home? If yes, how well do you manage monthly home and auto expenses? How well do you save for unforeseen expenses? a. Securing basic needs b. I own two vehicles and purchasing a home. We pay our mortgage at the beginning of the month in which we split, we pay the bills as soon as we get the bills and we split those as well, then the car notes are split up, and at the end of the month our car insurance is due. c. We have a savings account that pulls money from our checking whenever we spend money nd then we literally have what I call a piggy bank and we save change as well. There is nothing wrong about saving change because it does add up. 8. The economy is unpredictable and can affect your personal financial planning. List one factor in economic conditions that may affect your financial future. How could you reduce the impact of that factor on your finances? a. Inflation b. To reduce the affect of inflation is to save and go on a budget. You can also shop smarter by shopping cheaper, like generic brands. Also using coupons and your rewards card to reduce the cost of groceries and gas. You can shop around for the cheapest prices and most of the time if you buy in bulk its cheaper. 9. Which step in the five-step financial planning process requires you to organize your financial information, create personal financial statements, and evaluate your current financial position? Have you ever completed this step? If so, is it still applicable to your current financial situation? If not, do you plan to do this soon? Why or why not? a. Step1: Analyze your current financial position. b. Yes I have done it before, but now we just moved and we are now creating a new budget. Since the bills have changed we have to do a new budget and gather our bank statements, bills, and calculater our income to be more financially stable and save more money. We are currently going over a new budget as we speak. 10. Step Five in the five-step financial planning process discusses the importance of regularly reevaluating and revising your plan because personal circumstances often change. List two life changes that may require you to update your financial plan. Have you recently experienced a change that requires you to reevaluate your financial plan? If so, what was it and how have you accommodated it? (Please share only what you are comfortable sharing) a. Marriage and children b. I just recently got married and we’re just purchasing a home. My husband just received social security and 100% in military disability and I work. This make it a little easier for us to make it. I do have children and one is disabled so its tough but we make it. We split everything down the middle so no one person would be overwhelmed with paying all the bills on their own. We try to do a budget and stick to it. We do bargin shop and try to limit where we go due to high gas prices. We also put money to the side for different things we want to do whether its go out to eat, go to the movies, or date night. We also put money back for food and gas. We include everything we do and everything that can happen in our budget and daily life.